FAO/WHO STEC EXPERT GROUP. Hazard identification and characterization: criteria for categorizing Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on a risk Basis†. J Food Prot. 2019;82(1):7–21. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-18-291.
Joseph A, Cointe A, Mariani Kurkdjian P, Rafat C, Hertig A. Shiga Toxin-Associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: A narrative review. Toxins (Basel). 2020;12(2):67. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins12020067. PMID: 31973203; PMCID: PMC7076748.
Vishram B, Jenkins C, Greig DR, Godbole G, Carroll K, Balasegaram S, Byrne L. The emerging importance of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli other than serogroup O157 in England. J Med Microbiol. 2021;70(7):001375. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.001375. PMID: 34309502; PMCID: PMC8493422.
Sui X, Yang X, Luo M, Wang H, Liu Q, Sun H, Jin Y, Wu Y, Bai X, Xiong Y. Characteristics of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Circulating in asymptomatic food handlers. Toxins (Basel). 2023;15(11):640. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins15110640. PMID: 37999503; PMCID: PMC10675304.
Wang X, Yu D, Chui L, Zhou T, Feng Y, Cao Y, Zhi S. A comprehensive review on Shiga toxin subtypes and their Niche-Related distribution characteristics in Shiga-Toxin-Producing E. coli and other bacterial hosts. Microorganisms. 2024;12(4):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12040687. PMID: 38674631; PMCID: PMC11052178.
Chaleshtori FS, Arani NM, Aghadavod E, Naseri A, Chaleshtori RS. Molecular characterization of Escherichia coli recovered from traditional milk products in Kashan, Iran. Vet World. 2017;10(10):1264–8. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2017.1264-1268. Epub 2017 Oct 24. PMID: 29184374; PMCID: PMC5682273.
Oluwarinde BO, Ajose DJ, Abolarinwa TO, Montso PK, Du Preez I, Njom HA, Ateba CN. Safety properties of Escherichia coli O157:H7 specific bacteriophages: recent advances for food safety. Foods. 2023;12(21):3989. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12213989. PMID: 37959107; PMCID: PMC10650914.
Pakbin, et al. Virulence factors of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli: A review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(18):9922. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22189922.
Ramaite K, Ekwanzala MD, Momba MNB. Prevalence and molecular characterisation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli, from cattle farm to aquatic environments. Pathogens. 2022;11(6):674. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11060674. PMID: 35745529; PMCID: PMC9230396.
Galarce N, Escobar B, Sánchez F, Paredes-Osses E, Alegría-Morán R, Borie C. Virulence genes, Shiga toxin subtypes, serogroups, and clonal relationship of Shiga toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli strains isolated from livestock and companion animals. Anim (Basel). 2019;9(10):733. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100733. PMID: 31569618; PMCID: PMC6826562.
Peng Z, Liang W, Hu Z, Li X, Guo R, Hua L, Tang X, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X, Wu B. O-serogroups, virulence genes, antimicrobial susceptibility, and MLST genotypes of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from swine and cattle in central China. BMC Vet Res. 2019;15(1):427. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-2177-1. PMID: 31783837; PMCID: PMC6883634.
Hoyle DV, Keith M, Williamson H, Macleod K, Mathie H, Handel I, Currie C, Holmes A, Allison L, McLean R, Callaby R, Porphyre T, Tongue SC, Henry MK, Evans J, Gunn GJ, Gally DL, Silva N, Chase-Topping ME. Prevalence and epidemiology of Non-O157 Escherichia coli serogroups O26, O103, O111, and O145 and Shiga toxin gene carriage in Scottish cattle, 2014–2015. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2021;87(10):e03142–20. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03142-20. PMID: 33712425; PMCID: PMC8117755.
Askari Badouei M, Taban H, Nemati A, Fernando Dos Santos L. Molecular serotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) of animal origin in Iran reveals the presence of important non-O157 seropathotypes. Vet Res Forum. 2023;14(5):267–74. https://doi.org/10.30466/vrf.2022.550618.3416. Epub 2023 May 15. PMID: 37342291; PMCID: PMC10278905.
Mir RA, Kudva IT. Antibiotic-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli: An overview of prevalence and intervention strategies. Zoonoses Public Health. 2019;66(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/zph.12533. Epub 2018 Oct 29. PMID: 30375197.
Rubab M, Oh DH. Virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance profiles of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli isolates from diverse sources. Antibiot (Basel). 2020;9(9):587. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9090587. PMID: 32911679; PMCID: PMC7559023.
Ramstad SN, Taxt AM, Naseer U, Wasteson Y, Bjørnholt JV, Brandal LT. Effects of antimicrobials on Shiga toxin production in high-virulent Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. Microb Pathog. 2021;152:104636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104636.
Terajima J, Izumiya H, Hara-Kudo Y, Ohnishi M. Shiga toxin (Verotoxin)-producing Escherichia coli and foodborne disease: A review. Food Saf (Tokyo). 2017;5(2):35–53. https://doi.org/10.14252/foodsafetyfscj.2016029. PMID: 32231928; PMCID: PMC6989183.
Ray R, Singh P. Prevalence and implications of Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli in farm and wild ruminants. Pathogens. 2022;11(11):1332. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111332. PMID: 36422584; PMCID: PMC9694250.
Woo PC, Cheung EY. Leung K-w, Yuen K-y: identification by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of an Enterobacteriaceae species with ambiguous biochemical profile from a renal transplant recipient. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2001;39:85–93.
Bai X, Zhao A, Lan R, Xin Y, Xie H, Meng Q, et al. Shiga toxinproducing Escherichia coli in Yaks (Bos grunniens) from the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, China. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e65537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065537.
Montero DA, Velasco J, Del Canto F, Puente JL, Padola NL, Rasko DA, et al. Locus of adhesion and autoaggregation (LAA), a pathogenicity Island present in emerging Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains. Sci Rep. 2017;7:7011. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06999-y.
Wang Y, Tang C, Yu W, Xia M, Yue H. Distribution of serotypes and virulence-associated genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from ducks. Avian Pathol. 2010;39:297–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/03079457.2010.495742.
Paton AW, Paton JC. Direct detection and characterization of Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli by multiplex PCR for stx1, stx2, Eae, EhxA, and Saa. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:271–4. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.1.271-274.2002.
Herold S, Paton JC, Paton AW. Sab, a novel autotransporter of locus of enterocyte effacement-negative Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli O113:H21, contributes to adherence and biofilm formation. Infect Immun. 2009;77:3234–43. https://doi.org/10.1128/IAI.00031-09.
Franz E, van Hoek AHAM, Wuite M, van der Wal FJ, de Boer AG, Bouw E, et al. Molecular hazard identification of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0120353. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120353.
Momtaz H, Karimian A, Madani M, Dehkordi FS, Ranjbar R, Sarshar M, Souod N. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Iran: serogroup distributions, virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance properties. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2013a;12:8.
Momtaz H, Dehkordi FS, Hosseini MJ, Sarshar M, Heidari M. Serogroups, virulence genes and antibiotic resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli isolated from diarrheic and non-diarrheic pediatric patients in Iran. Gut Pathogens. 2013b;5:1.
Wayne P. Clinical and laboratory standards institute (CLSI) performance standards for antimicrobial disk diffusion susceptibility tests 19th ed. approved standard. CLSI document M100-S19, vol. 29; 2009.
Mashak Z. Virulence genes and phenotypic evaluation of the antibiotic resistance of Vero toxin producing Escherichia coli recovered from milk, meat, and vegetables. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2018;11(5):e62288. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.62288.
Ranjbar R, Safarpoor Dehkordi F, Sakhaei Shahreza MH, Rahimi E. Prevalence, identification of virulence factors, O-serogroups and antibiotic resistance properties of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from Raw milk and traditional dairy products. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13756-018-0345-x. PMID: 29686859; PMCID: PMC5902837.
Galarce N, Sánchez F, Fuenzalida V, Ramos R, Escobar B, Lapierre L, Paredes-Osses E, Arriagada G, Alegría-Morán R, Lincopán N, Fuentes-Castillo D, Vera-Leiva A, González-Rocha G, Bello-Toledo H, Borie C. Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistance in Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli isolated from cattle and swine in Chile. Front Vet Sci. 2020;7:367. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00367. PMID: 32754621; PMCID: PMC7365902.
Kholdi S, Motamedifar M, Fani F, Mohebi S, Bazargani A. Virulence factors, serogroups, and antibiotic resistance of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli from Raw beef, chicken meat, and vegetables in Southwest Iran. Iran J Vet Res 2021 Summer;22(3):180–7. https://doi.org/10.22099/IJVR.2021.39266.5706. PMID: 34777517; PMCID: PMC8573400.
Mussio P, Martínez I, Luzardo S, Navarro A, Leotta G, Varela G. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains recovered from bovine carcasses in Uruguay. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1130170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1130170. PMID: 36950166; PMCID: PMC10025531.
Alhadlaq MA, Aljurayyad OI, Almansour A, et al. Overview of pathogenic Escherichia coli, with a focus on Shiga toxin-producing serotypes, global outbreaks (1982–2024) and food safety criteria. Gut Pathog. 2024;16(1):57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13099-024-00641-9. Published 2024 Oct 7.
Willis C, Jørgensen F, Cawthraw S, Aird H, Lai S, Kesby M, Chattaway M, Lock I, Quill E, Raykova G. A survey of Salmonella, Escherichia coli, and antimicrobial resistance in frozen, part-cooked, breaded, or battered chicken products on retail sale in the UK. J Appl Microbiol. 2023;134(5):lxad093. https://doi.org/10.1093/jambio/lxad093. PMID: 37133419.
Abebe E, Gugsa G, Ahmed M, Awol N, Tefera Y, Abegaz S, Sisay T. Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of E. coli O157:H7 isolated from foods of bovine origin in Dessie and Kombolcha towns, Ethiopia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17(1):e0010706. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010706. PMID: 36706075; PMCID: PMC9882751.
Lencina FA, Bertona M, Stegmayer MA, Olivero CR, Frizzo LS, Zimmermann JA, Signorini ML, Soto LP, Zbrun MV. Prevalence of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in foods and food-producing animals through the food chain: A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10(5):e26579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26579. PMID: 38434325; PMCID: PMC10904249.
Nemati A, Askari Badouei M, Tabar H. Molecular and in Silico analyses for detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and highly pathogenic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) using genetic markers located on plasmid, O Island 57 and O Island 71. BMC Vet Res. 2024;20:413. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04251-0.
Travert B, Rafat C, Mariani P, et al. Shiga Toxin-Associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: specificities of adult patients and implications for critical care management. Toxins (Basel). 2021;13(5):306. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13050306. Published 2021 Apr 26.
Zhang H, Yamamoto E, Murphy J, Carrillo C, Locas A. Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and STEC-Associated virulence genes in Raw ground pork in Canada. J Food Prot. 2021;84(11):1956–64. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-147.
Esfandiari Z, Bahreini Esfahani N, Ziaei H. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward food additives in personnel of Isfahan university of medical sciences in Iran. JNFS. 2021;6(2):161–9.
Eslami H, Nasirzadeh M, Nabizadeh F, Salari M, Alinaghizadeh Z. Food safety and hygiene knowledge and attitudes among the Health-Care staff in the Southeast area of Iran. JNFS. 2022;7(2):200–7.
Joseph J, Kalyanikutty S. Occurrence of multiple drug-resistant Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli in Raw milk samples collected from retail outlets in South India. J Food Sci Technol. 2022;59(6):2150–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05226-x. Epub 2021 Aug 23. PMID: 35602458; PMCID: PMC9114227.
Nada HG, El-Tahan AS, El-Didamony G, et al. Detection of multidrug-resistant Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in some food products and cattle faeces in Al-Sharkia, Egypt: one health menace. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23:127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-023-02873-2.
Farrukh M, Munawar A, Nawaz Z, et al. Antibiotic resistance and preventive strategies in foodborne pathogenic bacteria: a comprehensive review. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-024-01767-x.
Shelke YP, Bankar NJ, Bandre GR, Hawale DV, Dawande P. An overview of preventive strategies and the role of various organizations in combating antimicrobial resistance. Cureus. 2023;15(9):e44666. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.44666. PMID: 37799257; PMCID: PMC10550263.